Causes of Parkinson’s Disease
The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but several factors may contribute. Genetics can play a role, especially in people with a family history of the disease. Environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins or head injuries, might also increase the risk. A loss of dopamine-producing neurones in the brain is the underlying mechanism behind the disease, but why this happens remains unclear.
Spotting the Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
The main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include:
- Tremors or shaking, typically starting in the hands or fingers
- Stiffness or rigidity in the muscles
- Slowed movement (bradykinesia), making everyday tasks more difficult
- Impaired posture and balance, leading to instability
- Changes in speech, writing, or facial expressions
These symptoms gradually worsen and, over time, can affect various aspects of daily life.
The Different Types of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is generally classified into several types:
- Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease: The most common form, with no identifiable cause. Symptoms primarily include tremors, stiffness, and slow movement.
- Genetic Parkinson’s Disease: Caused by inherited genetic mutations. It is less common and may appear earlier in life.
- Atypical Parkinsonism: Includes disorders that mimic Parkinson’s symptoms but have additional features, such as multiple system atrophy or progressive supranuclear palsy.
- Secondary Parkinsonism: Results from identifiable causes, such as medication side effects, brain injury, or exposure to toxins.
Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis Explained
Diagnosing Parkinson’s disease involves a thorough review of medical history, symptoms, and a physical exam. There is no specific test to diagnose Parkinson’s, so doctors rely on neurological assessments and may order imaging tests, like an MRI or DaTscan, to rule out other conditions. A positive response to Parkinson’s medications often helps confirm the diagnosis.
Parkinson’s Disease Treatment Options
While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, treatments can help manage symptoms. Medications like levodopa and dopamine agonists are commonly prescribed to increase dopamine levels or mimic its effects. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can improve mobility and communication. In more advanced cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery may be recommended to control symptoms.