Causes of ADHD
Though the exact causes of ADHD are still unclear, several factors are known to play a role:
- Genetics: Research shows a strong genetic link to ADHD. If you have a family history of the disorder, you’re more likely to develop it. Certain genes that regulate dopamine, a chemical that affects attention and behaviour, are thought to contribute significantly.
- Brain Structure and Function: Studies using brain scans reveal that people with ADHD often have differences in the structure and activity of their brains. Key areas involved in attention, impulse control, and decision-making, especially the prefrontal cortex, may function differently.
- Environmental Factors: While genetics have a larger influence, certain environmental factors, such as exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or toxins during pregnancy, can also increase the risk of developing ADHD.
How ADHD is diagnosed
Diagnosing ADHD requires a thorough assessment by a healthcare professional. This typically involves:
- Clinical Interviews: A healthcare provider will ask detailed questions about your symptoms, medical history, and how you function in different settings.
- Standardised Rating Scales: Both adults and children are often assessed using rating scales that measure the severity of their symptoms. Parents, teachers, or colleagues may also be asked for input.
- Observation: A clinician might observe your behaviour in different situations to see how your symptoms affect your daily life.
- Screening for Other Conditions: ADHD often coexists with conditions like anxiety or learning disorders, which the healthcare provider will consider during the evaluation.
Recognising the Symptoms of ADHD
ADHD symptoms usually fall into two categories: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.
Inattention Symptoms:
- Difficulty focusing on tasks or play activities
- Making careless mistakes at work or school
- Struggling to organise tasks and manage time
- Being easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli
- Forgetting daily responsibilities
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms:
- Fidgeting or tapping hands and feet
- Difficulty staying seated when expected
- Talking excessively or interrupting others
- Struggling to wait for a turn in conversations or group activities
These symptoms can create challenges in academic, social, and work environments.
How ADHD is treated
ADHD treatment often includes a combination of methods tailored to each person’s needs. Common treatment options are:
- Medications: Stimulant drugs like methylphenidate and amphetamines are frequently used to treat ADHD. Non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine may also be effective for some individuals.
- Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and other types of therapy can help individuals with ADHD improve their organisational skills, manage impulses, and develop coping strategies.
- Behavioural Interventions: Techniques like positive reinforcement and creating structured routines can help manage ADHD symptoms.
- Lifestyle Changes: Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep can improve symptom management.